In Johannes H. Emminghaus’s book entitled The Eucharist: Essence, Form,
Celebration, its celebration starts out as an ordinary meal which was
enjoyed in the early Jewish culture.
This custom was meant to call to mind the Passover that was from the
days of the Exodus when the Israelites were liberated from Egypt. This story is clear – as Pharaoh’s
charioteers were pursuing them, God paved a way through the Red sea where the waters
enveloped their pursuers who were attempting to intercept them.
In the Old Testament God explained how they must celebrate
the remembrance of the Passover. Every
Jewish household had to slaughter a lamb and prepare in a special way. They had to eat it when dressed just like
when they were about to leave Egypt. The
doorposts of their homes were to be sprinkled with the animal’s blood, so that God’s judgment would pass
over them, and they would be saved. This
rite was to be celebrated on every anniversary of their deliverance. But over time changes were made to it because
it had become too worldly. It was
therefore determined to have the Passover in a more suitable manner as a meal,
giving praise, and thanksgiving to God, for their deliverance.
The New Testament Eucharist
Emminghaus showed in the New Testament, the Eucharist was
instituted as a memorial by Jesus Christ with his disciples, before he
sacrificed his life on the cross at Calvary.
Christ’s
salvation was to follow the customary Jewish tradition. These meals however came to be abused, for
although they were communal, guests like at Corinth overdid it, and there was
often debauchery. Thus, the Eucharist
later celebrated at the end of a meal failed to measure up to the divine
standards of the sacrament.
Soon it was proposed that the Eucharist should stand by
itself. Since partaking of the elements
of bread and wine were rather brief, this celebration evolved into the
formulation of a Mass with the Liturgical Word, hymns, and the offering of the
bread of life - Christ’s
flesh, and wine – his
blood. Early in Christian history the
Mass was formulated by Justin Martyr, the Greek Hippolytus, and passed down
almost verbatim to the contemporary church.
Early churches were built to reflect the nature of the
Mass. Since Jerusalem was the focal
point the congregation its priest faced the East. The priests who presided at these ceremonies
had their backs turned to the worshipers, but eventually this changed mainly
because of the layout of some churches.
Now the priests face every direction - East, West, North, and
South. Many altars have now been shifted
to central locations within parishes with the seating arrangements in
concentric circles around them.
In The Middle Ages
Through the Middle Ages
the liturgical season of Holy Week and Eastertide were especially popular,
because they gave scope for the imagination.
The people celebrated Palm Sunday’s
procession with singing, the washing of the feet on Holy Thursday, the
veneration of the cross on Holy Friday, with the unveiling of the cross. The acclamations, reproaches, the Pascal
Vigil, with the impressive lighting of the new fire, and the carrying of the
“Light of Christ” into the dark church were greeted with joy. The intense emotion, the blessing of the
Easter candle, the baptismal water, and Easter day with its dramatic elements
developed into Easter plays, with the apostles, holy women coming to the tomb,
and so forth were highlights
But Emminghaus wrote the liturgy by the end of the Middle
Ages and on the eve of the Council of Trent (1545–1563) was deficient for it failed to grasp its real
nature. There were abuses and one-sided
popular piety, a decadent condition of the church as a whole, the great schism,
selfish political interests, and social upheavals. God’s
word in the scripture was not being preached, rituals were hindering it, and
this was not helping spiritual life.
These doctrinal controversies of the Reformation led to a new Roman
Missal of Pope Pius V –
the Latin Rite being restored, greater centralization, and a return to “the
primitive rule of prayer.” Between 1570,
the year of Pope Pius V’s
calendar reform, 1914, one hundred and eleven new feast days were added, there
were increased feasts for Doctors of the Church, and by 1959, there were thirty
of these.
The 20th Century Liturgy
Since the 20th century the liturgy was being
restored to a more profound theological grasp of its characteristics. It was realized that it was a communal,
salvific celebration of God’s
people of the new covenant when the body was gathered in Jesus’ name with each member
playing a distinct role. This long break
through was finally achieved at the Second Vatican Council that adapted new
conditions of reforms.
Desires for liturgical reforms went back to the time of the
Enlightenment before and around 1800.
With these changes came better and more frequent sermons, led to the
methodical catechists in the church and school.
It saw the use of the vernacular language, encouraged the faithful to
take a knowledgeable “rational” part in the celebration, enriched the liturgy
at the parish level, and reformed the administration of the sacraments. It promoted the continuing education of the
clergy through study, pastoral conferences, and periodicals. People were now able to receive the Eucharist
more frequently. The age for first
communion was lowered, and there was more active participation of the community
in public worship.
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